Marxist and Functionalist theories of class and inequality

Marxist and Functionalist theories of class and inequality CLASS AND STRATIFICATION ‘Marx believed that our society was in a state of continual conflict between the working class and upper class; evaluate the Marxist theory of social class using Functionalism and Postmodernism theories of class’. Compare and contrast Marxist and functionalist explanations of class and inequality. There are several sociological perspectives and they all have different ideas and theories about class and inequality, including Marxist (Karl Marx a conflict theory) and Functionalist (Emile Durkheim, Robert Merton a structural consensus theory). In this essay I will show the different theories of social class from these two perspectives. I will then conclude by evaluating the Postmodernist view of social class. Marxism was introduced by Karl Marx (1818-1883). Karl Marx believed that society was divided into two classes, the Bourgeoisie (ruling class) and the Proletariats (lower/working class) (Burton, 2013). He believed that that the bourgeoisie exploited and oppressed the proletariat. Marx followed the structural conflict perspective and believed that institutions such as education, the media and the law are used by the bourgeoisie as a way to define and influence social class (Marx, 1818 cited in Blunden, 2013). Marx also believed that Capitalism would lead to polarisation of the two classes with the rich getting richer while the poor get poorer. This polarisation makes it harder for the poorer classes to achieve in life as well as achieving social mobility. He believed that as the capitalist society advanced the small business owners would be absorbed by the bourgeoisie and multinational companies. Marx wanted the proletariat to overthrow the capitalist society of the bourgeoisie and hop ed for a classless society where wealth and profit was divided equally (Anon, n.da). There has been much criticism on Marx’s theory of social class the first being that this theory is much too simplistic in that society cannot be based on only two different classes. In a modern society class is not as simple as Marx claimed it was and the communist society that Marx wished for has been tried and failed, Russia is a prime example of this. In addition there are many other divisions within societies that Marx did not consider, such as age, race, gender etc. Another major criticism is that Marx’s idea if monopolization has not come to fruition as although there are many large national companies there are also many small businesses as well despite the process of polarisation still occurring in some areas (Anon, n.da). The Marxist theory of class, although it does hold some valid theories, is flawed in that in a modern society there are many processes in place to ensure that workers are not exploited, such as unions and fair wages laws. Also in a modern socie ty conflict within the workplace is rare as those who are unhappy do have the option to improve and move up or down positions, so this would suggest social mobility is possible (Anon, n.da). Functionalism was introduced by Emile Durkheim (1858-1917). The main principle of functionalism is that each part of a society is interdependent and contributes towards making society work as a whole. Each of these parts has to be working correctly but if something does go wrong then society has mechanisms to deal with them, such as the police and the legal system. Functionalists also believe that every social institution has many important functions to perform (Durkheim, 1858 cited in Burton, 2013). Therefore stratification is necessary for every society as it helps to maintain social order and stability if every part knows its role (Davis Moore, 1945 cited in Anon, n.d). Durkheim introduced the theory ‘anomie’, or ‘lack of social norms’, that could cause instability or chaos. This concept bought to light many instances that could affect a society in a negative way and especially the behaviour of individuals towards one another (Emile Durkheim org, 2013). Another concept put forward by Durkheim â€Å"the sum of all of its parts is larger than the whole†, defined at the introduction of the structural/functionalist theory, is as relevant today as it was when first introduced (Gamble, 2008). There has been much criticism on the functionalist explanation of class, the first being that many of the vital jobs in modern society are not necessarily rewarded with high status or income, this is in total contrast to the functionalist belief that those vital jobs should be rewarded as so. Another big criticism of this approach is that it does not take into account individual differences, in that individuals can make an impact within an institution rather than the institution impacting the individual (Anon, n.da). This theory, much like the Marxist theory, is simplistic in the idea that all of society accept class inequality and that this inequality is inevitable for society. Postmodernists claim that society has moved on since the modern period and this has been caused by globalisation, the reduction of the power of the nation state, economic changes, fragmented social classes, and relativism, a way of looking at the world that includes every theory as valid. As societies change on a daily basis there are more and more claims that social class is becoming less significant and no longer a useful tool to measure societies by and some suggest that it is only deficient culture that keeps people in what would be called the lower classes (Burton, 2013). Postmodernist theories suggest that an individual’s choice of goods, such as supermarket choices, and lifestyle activities is now a much more important indicator of an individual’s identity. This identity is then what creates a person’s politics, sexuality and family structure etc. (Education Forum, n.d). This would then suggest that a postmodern society is defined by diversity and choice rather than social class. Within the postmodernist theory there is the emphasis on the extent to which family diversity is changing, the decline in the ‘normal’ two parent two children families, the growth of single parent families, cohabitation, gay marriage and increasing ethnic diversity. They say there is no longer a fixed family norm that people can refer to (Education Forum, n.d). As society is much more diverse than it was many years ago class is no longer relevant. This perspective believes that there cannot be a single theoretical explanation of society, whether by individual parts or as a whole, as society only exists as a reassuring entity. They argue that in a modern society the mass media plays a huge influential role in creating the image of what a society should be. Postmodernists Lyotard and Baudrillard believe that theories such as Marxism and Functionalism are ‘meta-narratives’ or ‘grand-narratives,’ meaning they both elaborate that society is under con trol, and it can be seen in some places that this is not the case (lyotard Baudrillard, n.d cited in Anon, n.db). References Anon. (n.d) Structure for all Essays [online]. Available from: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=6ved=0CFwQFjAFurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edubuzz.org%2Fplhs-humanities%2Fwp-content%2Fblogs.dir%2F1925%2Ffiles%2F2013%2F11%2FEssay-structure-template-SS.docei=nIVRU8T7OsaqPJmugFAusg=AFQjCNGz_J3fJ7oqdNq7u0ai_tVV9Fte9wsig2=XIiq_tawT4LKaqZ3TzGJjgbvm=bv.65058239,d.ZWUcad=rja [Accessed on: 13th April 2014]. Anon. (n.db) Evaluate Post-Modernist Views on Inequality and Difference. Essay [online]. Available from: http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Evaluate-Post-Modernist-Views-On-Inequality-And-486042.html [Accessed on: 3rd April 2014]. Blundon, A. (2013) Marxism [online]. Available from: http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/help/marxism.htm [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Burton, J. (2013a) Class and Stratification [Class Hand-out]. Access to Social Science: Class and Stratification, Northampton College. 1st April 2014. Burton, J. (2013b) Sociological Perspectives [PowerPoint Presentation]. Access to Social Science: Introduction to Sociological Theory [online via internal VLE], Northampton College. Available from: http://moodle.northamptoncollege.ac.uk/file.php/22/Week_2_to_5_Perspectives.pptx [Accessed: 1st April 2014]. Education Forum (n.d) Evaluate the postmodernist contribution to our understanding of society today [online]. Available from: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2sqi=2ved=0CDcQFjABurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.educationforum.co.uk%2Fsociology_2%2Fpomoessay.pptei=bDxRU-blM4SMO8StgOgGusg=AFQjCNH5iXZK07FStrxrLlCR_WeGGDAITQsig2=ICRvr6RJxR4bkdA7ARhIzwbvm=bv.65058239,d.ZWUcad=rja [Accessed on: 3rd April 2014]. Emile Durkheim Org. (2013) Emile Durkheim: Father of Sociology [Online]. Available from: http://www.emiledurkheim.org/ [Accessed on: 13th April 2014]. Gamble, L. (2008) How Emile Durkheim’s Principles of Sociology Have Impacted Society [Online]. Available from: http://voices.yahoo.com/how-emile-durkheims-principles-sociology-impacted-1521203.html [Accessed on: 14th April 2014]. Grossman, A. (2013) Robert Merton [Online]. Available from: http://sociology.about.com/od/Profiles/p/Robert-Merton.htm [Accessed on: 14th April 2014]. Jain, H. (n.d) What are the Differences between Functionalism Marxism? [online]. Available from: http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8118568_differences-between-functionalism-marxism.html [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Shu-Yee, C. (2012) AS LEVEL: Functionalist VS Marxist [online]. Available from: http://sociologywithcandee.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/as-level-functionalist-vs-marxist.html [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Trueman, C. (n.d) Sociological Theories [online]. Available from: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/sociological_theories.htm [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Bibliography Anon. (n.d) A simple guide to Post Modernism [online]. Available from: http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/barrycomp/bhs/duffers_pdf/A simple guide to Post Modernism.pdf [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. Anon. (n.d) Compare and Contrast Functionalist and Marxist Theories of Stratification [online]. Available from: http://www.omdix.com/pdf/docs/book_essay_termpaper_1071119348.pdf [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Anon. (2012) Assess the Functionalist and Marxist view of society [online]. Available from: http://potmd.wordpress.com/2012/02/20/assess-the-functionalist-and-marxist-view-of-society/ [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Anon. (n.d) Topic 3: Social Class and Cultural Identity [online]. Available from: http://realsociology.edublogs.org/files/2010/12/CI-WS3-09-2e72mee.pdf [Accessed on: 3rd April 2014]. Ask.Com. (n.d) What is Postmodernism in Sociology? [online]. Available from: http://uk.ask.com/question/what-is-postmodernism-in-sociology [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. Devine, F. (1997) Social Class in America and Britain [online]. Edinburgh: University Press. Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CYEUhTYvaAkCdq=evaluate+post+modernist+views+on+social+classsource=gbs_navlinks_s [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Heilbroner, R. (n.d) The Worldly Philosophers Summary and Analysis Chapter 6 – The Inexorable System of Karl Marx [online]. Available from: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/w/the-worldly-philosophers/summary-and-analysis/chapter-6 [Accessed on: 3rd April 2014]. History Learning Site. (n.d) Marxist Concepts [online]. Available from: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/marxist_concepts.htm [Accessed on: 3rd April 2014]. Horky, A. (n.d) Differences Similarities in Functionalism Marxism [online]. Available from: http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8647778_differences-similarities-functionalism-marxism.html [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Klages, M. (2012) Postmodernism [online]. Available from: http://www.bdavetian.com/Postmodernism.html [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. McGraw. (n.d) Structuralism, Post structuralism, and the Emergence of Postmodern Social Theory [online]. Available from: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072817186/student_view0/chapter17/chapter_summary.html [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. S-cool. (n.d) Post-Modernism [online]. Available from: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/sociology/theoretical-standpoints/revise-it/post-modernism [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. Simple Wikipedia. (2014) Postmodernism [online]. Available from: http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. Sociology Twynham. (2008) Differences between Functionalist and Marxist perspectives on education are: [online]. Available from: http://www.slideshare.net/sociologytwynham/marxist-functionalist-differences-presentation [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Sociology Twynham. (2008) What is the difference between Functionalists, Marxists and Feminists? (AS level answer) [online]. Available from: http://sociologytwynham.com/2008/06/27/what-is-the-difference-between-functionalists-marxists-and-feminists-as-level-answer/ [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. The Student Room. (n.d) What is the ‘postmodernism’ perspective in sociology? [online]. Available from: http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=2365056 [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. Trainer, T. (n.d) Marxist Theory; A brief Introduction [online]. Available from: https://socialsciences.arts.unsw.edu.au/tsw/Marx.html [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Wikipedia. (2014) Postmodernism [online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. Xlauren61x1. (2012) Functionalism and Marxism: Sociological Perspectives [online]. Available from: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Functionalism-And-Marxism-Sociological-Perspectives-1171672.html [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014].

Does age matter in relationships? Essay

There is a funny thing about love. And that is the fact you never tell as to whom your mate will be. Regardless of how long the relationship may be, we never know who out there will be the one we call our mate. Most people think that age difference between two people that love each other won’t work out. Age is nothing but a number and it shouldn’t stop people from being together. Age is a problem to people because they think that there is no way the relationship will work out since one person is immature and the other is an adult and is mature. Age difference between two people that love each other shouldn’t matter because if two people love each other age should stop them from being together. When people fall in love, they don’t necessarily take age into consideration. What usually matter for them is how they feel for that person Age shouldn’t determine whether or not two people are allowed to love each other and be with one another. Maturity is a big deal when it comes to age. Although that may stop people from loving each other, people learn from their mistakes and will eventually be mature enough. It shouldn’t matter because when you’re with someone you love; you will learn with them and will have experience on how you should act and behave, etc†¦.In the article â€Å"Does Age Matter in Relationships† by J Francis, he says â€Å"Many may argue that with age comes maturity. I beg to differ. Maturity is taught by life’s experiences. Many men and women learn from events in their lives. Events from their childhood may shape their outlook on marriage and relationships. They carry the lessons from these experiences into their adult years.† People learn about maturity from their experiences in life and they learn from their childhood life and will have an effect on their marriage and relationships with older people. The lessons learned from those experiences will bring them to become adults and learn from their mistakes and experiences. (J Francis) An advantage to having someone older than you is that they know more and have knowledge and experience in love and know what it’s like to be hurt or left. They are mature enough to know about having a commitment and are serious in aspects that really matter in relationships. In the other hand, In the  society today, there are many couples who have a big age gap between them. There are men who have younger wives and women who have younger husbands. For men predominantly, they find younger age in the opposite sex as somewhat attractive. For most young women who seek older men, it is quite common that they’re looking for maturity and confidence as well. Oftentimes, they seek someone who is older because they would want someone who can understand them better and perhaps guide them as well since older men have more experience in life. But sometimes, there are people who are far more mature than their age. The main are where problems might exist though would be when it comes to handling the family’s finances. If one of the couple is earning more than the other, conflicts may arise. But as in any relationships, conflicts are to be expected. And these issues can be quickly resolved through open communication. Of course, you cannot avoid family and friends who might not be supportive in your relationship. But do not let this discourage you. If this happens, you should take it as a challenge to work harder in your relationship to prove to them that you can handle it and that you love the person you’re with regardless of their age. If you make age an issue, this will surely affect your relationship. But if you accept your partner whole heartily, then you should be able to adjust pretty well in your relationship and make it work for both of you. In conclusion, the choices you make in your life are solely yours. Age shouldn’t really matter for as long as they both are mature; in addition they had to have the same goals in their lives and care about each other. Always have a positive attitude in your relationship and try to be as understanding as you can be. However, a relationship is like a boat in the ocean and I they can’t work together they cannot land the boat. Moreover, the thing that matters the most in a relationship is the love between couples. You can be in a relationships with a person that takes advantage of you of abuses you; it makes no difference what you age is, they will do that no matter what the age is. Eventually, â€Å"Age is an issue of mind over matter, if you don’t mind it doesn’t matter† –Mark Twain.

Part Four Chapter VI

VI The next Parish Council meeting, the first since Barry had died, would be crucial in the ongoing battle over the Fields. Howard had refused to postpone the votes on the future of Bellchapel Addiction Clinic, or the town's wish to transfer jurisdiction of the estate to Yarvil. Parminder therefore suggested that she, Colin and Kay ought to meet up the evening before the meeting to discuss strategy. ‘Pagford can't unilaterally decide to alter the parish boundary, can it?' asked Kay. ‘No,' said Parminder patiently (Kay could not help being a newcomer), ‘but the District Council has asked for Pagford's opinion, and Howard's determined to make sure it's his opinion that gets passed on.' They were holding their meeting in the Walls' sitting room, because Tessa had put subtle pressure on Colin to invite the other two where she could listen in. Tessa handed around glasses of wine, put a large bowl of crisps on the coffee table, then sat back in silence, while the other three talked. She was exhausted and angry. The anonymous post about Colin had brought on one of his most debilitating attacks of acute anxiety, so severe that he had been unable to go to school. Parminder knew how ill he was – she had signed him off work – yet she invited him to participate in this pre-meeting, not caring, it seemed, what fresh effusions of paranoia and distress Tessa would have to deal with tonight. ‘There's definitely resentment out there about the way the Mollisons are handling things,' Colin was saying, in the lofty, knowledgeable tone he sometimes adopted when pretending to be a stranger to fear and paranoia. ‘I think it's starting to get up people's noses, the way they think that they can speak for the town. I've got that impression, you know, while I've been canvassing.' It would have been nice, thought Tessa bitterly, if Colin could have summoned these powers of dissimulation for her benefit occasionally. Once, long ago, she had liked being Colin's sole confidante, the only repository of his terrors and the font of all reassurance, but she no longer found it flattering. He had kept her awake from two o'clock until half-past three that morning, rocking backwards and forwards on the edge of the bed, moaning and crying, saying that he wished he were dead, that he could not take it, that he wished he had never stood for the seat, that he was ruined †¦ Tessa heard Fats on the stairs, and tensed, but her son passed the open door on his way to the kitchen with nothing worse than a scathing glance at Colin, who was perched in front of the fire on a leather pouffe, his knees level with his chest. ‘Maybe Miles' standing for the empty seat will really antagonize people – even the Mollisons' natural supporters?' said Kay hopefully. ‘I think it might,' said Colin, nodding. Kay turned to Parminder. ‘D'you think the council will really vote to force Bellchapel out of their building? I know people get uptight about discarded needles, and addicts hanging around the neighbourhood, but the clinic's miles away †¦ why does Pagford care?' ‘Howard and Aubrey are scratching each other's backs,' explained Parminder, whose face was taut, with dark brown patches under her eyes. (It was she who would have to attend the council meeting the next day, and fight Howard Mollison and his cronies without Barry by her side.) ‘They need to make cuts in spending at District level. If Howard turfs the clinic out of its cheap building, it'll be much more expensive to run and Fawley can say the costs have increased, and justify cutting council funding. Then Fawley will do his best to make sure that the Fields get reassigned to Yarvil.' Tired of explaining, Parminder pretended to examine the new stack of papers about Bellchapel that Kay had brought with her, easing herself out of the conversation. Why am I doing this? she asked herself. She could have been sitting at home with Vikram, who had been watching comedy on television with Jaswant and Rajpal as she left. The sound of their laughter had jarred on her; when had she last laughed? Why was she here, drinking nasty warm wine, fighting for a clinic that she would never need and a housing development inhabited by people she would probably dislike if she met them? She was not Bhai Kanhaiya, who could not see a difference between the souls of allies and enemies; she saw no light of God shining from Howard Mollison. She derived more pleasure from the thought of Howard losing, than from the thought of Fields children continuing to attend St Thomas's, or from Fields people being able to break their addictions at Bellchapel, although, in a distant and dispassionate way, she thought that these were good things †¦ (But she knew why she was doing it, really. She wanted to win for Barry. He had told her all about coming to St Thomas's. His classmates had invited him home to play; he, who had been living in a caravan with his mother and two brothers, had relished the neat and comfortable houses of Hope Street, and been awed by the big Victorian houses on Church Row. He had even attended a birthday party in that very cow-faced house that he had subsequently bought, and where he had raised his four children. He had fallen in love with Pagford, with the river and the fields and the solid-walled houses. He had fantasized about having a garden to play in, a tree from which to hang a swing, space and greenness everywhere. He had collected conkers and taken them back to the Fields. After shining at St Thomas's, top of his class, Barry had gone on to be the first in his family to go to university. Love and hate, Parminder thought, a little frightened by her own honesty. Love and hate, that's why I'm here †¦ ) She turned over a page of Kay's documents, feigning concentration. Kay was pleased that the doctor was scrutinizing her papers so carefully, because she had put a lot of time and thought into them. She could not believe that anybody reading her material would not be convinced that the Bellchapel clinic ought to remain in situ. But through all the statistics, the anonymous case studies and first-person testimonies, Kay really thought of the clinic in terms of only one patient: Terri Weedon. There had been a change in Terri, Kay could feel it, and it made her both proud and frightened. Terri was showing faint glimmerings of an awakened sense of control over her life. Twice lately, Terri had said to Kay, ‘They ain' takin' Robbie, I won' lerrem,' and these had not been impotent railings against fate, but statements of intent. ‘I took ‘im ter nursery yest'day,' she told Kay, who had made the mistake of looking astonished. ‘Why's tha' so fuckin' shockin'? Aren' I good enough ter go ter the fuckin' nurs'ry?' If Bellchapel's door was slammed shut against Terri, Kay was sure it would blow to pieces that delicate structure they were trying to build out of the wreckage of a life. Terri seemed to have a visceral fear of Pagford that Kay did not understand. ‘I ‘ate that fuckin' place,' she had said, when Kay had mentioned it in passing. Beyond the fact that her dead grandmother had lived there, Kay knew nothing of Terri's history with the town, but she was afraid that if Terri was asked to travel there weekly for her methadone her self-control would crumble, and with it the family's fragile new safety. Colin had taken over from Parminder, explaining the history of the Fields; Kay nodded, bored, and said ‘mm', but her thoughts were a long way away. Colin was deeply flattered by the way this attractive young woman was hanging on his every word. He felt calmer tonight than at any point since he had read that awful post, which was gone from the website. None of the cataclysms that Colin had imagined in the small hours had come to pass. He was not sacked. There was no angry mob outside his front door. Nobody on the Pagford Council website, or indeed anywhere else on the internet (he had performed several Google searches), was demanding his arrest or incarceration. Fats walked back past the open door, spooning yoghurt into his mouth as he went. He glanced into the room, and for a fleeting moment met Colin's gaze. Colin immediately lost the thread of what he had been saying. ‘†¦ and †¦ yes, well, that's it in a nutshell,' he finished lamely. He glanced towards Tessa for reassurance, but his wife was staring stonily into space. Colin was a little hurt; he would have thought that Tessa would be glad to see him feeling so much better, so much more in control, after their wretched, sleepless night. Dreadful swooping sensations of dread were agitating his stomach, but he drew much comfort from the proximity of his fellow underdog and scapegoat Parminder, and from the sympathetic attention of the attractive social worker. Unlike Kay, Tessa had listened to every word that Colin had just said about the Fields' right to remain joined to Pagford. There was, in her opinion, no conviction behind his words. He wanted to believe what Barry had believed, and he wanted to defeat the Mollisons, because that was what Barry had wanted. Colin did not like Krystal Weedon, but Barry had liked her, so he assumed that there was more worth in her than he could see. Tessa knew her husband to be a strange mixture of arrogance and humility, of unshakeable conviction and insecurity. They're completely deluded, Tessa thought, looking at the other three, who were poring over some graph that Parminder had extracted from Kay's notes. They think they'll reverse sixty years of anger and resentment with a few sheets of statistics. None of them was Barry. He had been a living example of what they proposed in theory: the advancement, through education from poverty to affluence, from powerlessness and dependency to valuable contributor to society. Did they not see what hopeless advocates they were, compared to the man who had died? ‘People are definitely getting irritable with the Mollisons trying to run everything,' Colin was saying. ‘I do think,' said Kay, ‘that they'll be hard-pushed, if they read this stuff, to pretend that the clinic isn't doing crucial work.' ‘Not everybody's forgotten Barry, on the council,' said Parminder, in a slightly shaky voice. Tessa realized that her greasy fingers were groping vainly in space. While the others had talked, she had single-handedly finished the entire bowl of crisps.

Human Trafficking An Effective Solution - 1260 Words

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Sydney’s Cross City Tunnel - 3258 Words

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The Problem Of English Language Learners - 1877 Words

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The Interpretation of Act V Scene I Essay Example For Students

The Interpretation of Act V Scene I Essay The Twelfth Night is a Shakespearean romantic comedy that is filled with plenty of humor and lots of deception. It is frequently read as a play about masking, about the conscious and unconscious assumption of false identities and about levels of self-knowledge and self-deception; this theme is played out prominently through Violas transsexual disguise (Kahn 43). The play is comprised of five acts and numerous scenes. However, I am only going to touch on one of these scenes in my paper. The scene I chose to write about is act V scene I. I chose this scene because it is the one that interested me the most, and I feel that it is also the scene with the most hidden meanings. Act V scene I, in my opinion, is a very complicated scene. I am going to discuss the part of the scene just before Sebastian enters, with Viola disguised as Cesario. Viola, in this part, is surrounded by many people all of whom think she is someone other than the person she actually is. This is where Viola/Cesario speaking to Olivia protests undoubtedly her love for Orsino by saying, After him I love, More than I love these eyes, more than my life (Twelfth Night 5.1. 134). Olivia, after hearing this, is confused and protests to Viola that they are married by saying, Whither, my lord? Cesario, husband, stay (Twelfth Night 5.1. 141)! Viola/Cesario denies this and is shocked by the accusation. Olivia continues to press the issue by getting the priest to confirm the marriage. It is at this point, when Orsino hears and believes the priests confirmation of the marriage, that I feel he expresses signs of homosexuality towards Viola whom he still believes is Cesario. Orsino becomes filled wi th anger and jealousy towards Viola/Cesario saying, Farewell, and take her, but direct thy feet where thou and I henceforth may never meet. (Twelfth Night 5.1. 166-167). At some level, Cesario is a homosexual object choice for both Olivia and Orsino; at another, a heterosexual one (Kahn 44). I believe that at this part of the scene Viola/Cesario is experiencing some form of an identity crisis. Although she is a woman who has deceived everyone into believing she is a man, she is now becoming bewildered by a strange turn of events. Shes being accused of denying having known Antonio and having beaten up Sir Toby Belch and Sir Andrew. She is being accused of acts that she has not done and has no recollection of ever doing. The reason she denies all of these wrong doings is because her brother, Sebastian, is responsible. This casts doubt in her mind as to who she really is and what is happening. Sebastian enters the scene and his entrance, in a way, relieves Viola of all the accusations she has endured. It was Sebastian who Antonio has been looking for; it was Sebastian who beat up Sir Toby Belch and Sir Andrew, and finally it was Sebastian who has married Olivia. We come to realize this when he says:I am sorry, madam, I have hurt your kinsman:But had it been the brother of my blood,I must have done no less with wit and safety. I do perceive it hath offended you:Pardon me, sweet one, even for the vowsWe made each other but so late ago. (Twelfth Night 5.1. 207-213)Antonio! O my dear Antonio,How have the hours rackd and torturd me,Since I have lost thee! (Twelfth Night 5.1. 216-218)At this point everyone is stunned not knowing who is who. In a sense, everyone feels as if they are seeing double. Its ironic since Sebastian and Viola are twins. Once Viola and Sebastian realized they were brother and sister Viola feels as though she is free to cast off her masculine disguise and let everyone know that she is really a woman as she talks about putting back on her feminine clothes or her maiden weeds (Twelfth Night 5.1. 253).Karen Greif says that the recognition of identity is at first an experience involving only the reunited twins; but, as the facts of their kinship are brought forth, the circle of awareness expands to include Orsino and Olivia. They appreciate for the first time their shared folly in desiring the unobtainable and both discover true love in unexpected forms by sharing in the recognition of the twins identities (53). Sebastian then turns to Olivia in an attempt to explain exactly what was going on and he says:So comes it, lady, you have been mistook. .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134 , .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134 .postImageUrl , .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134 , .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134:hover , .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134:visited , .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134:active { border:0!important; } .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134:active , .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134 .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9e609bb1abead91cb54b88750d3b5134:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Environmental Pollution EssayBut nature to her bias drew in that. You would have been contracted to a maid;Nor are you therein, by my life, deceivd:You are betrothd both to a maid and man. (Twelfth Night 5.1. 257-261)What he basically was saying was that Olivia mistook Viola for a man and almost married a female servant. Instead, she married Sebastian who will also serve her and who is a man. Natures bias is usually regarded as a heterosexual one, but the line is actually ambiguous; natures bias (Twelfth Night 5.1. 258) can mean that Olivia followed nature in loving a woman, for a short and perhaps necessary period, before actually marrying a man (Kahn 45). Similarly, Orsino perhaps needed to see Viola as a girlish boy before he could accept her as a real and ardent woman (Kahn 45). However, the chain of events that has brought us to this point in the play has proven to be beneficial to Olivia and Orsino. Olivias mistaken marriage has already given her the right husband, and Orsinos unconscious love for Cesario has made it clear where he is to find an adoring wife (Williams JR 43). My first impression of Olivia was to categorize her as a lesbian for falling in love with Viola/Cesario. I felt this way because although Viola was disguised as a man, she was portraying the personality of a female and thats what Olivia fell in love with. As I read on through the play, my feelings on that matter changed. By the end of the play, I felt that Viola was imitating her brothers personality and that is who Olivia really fell in love with and that is the reason she stays married to Sebastian at the end of the play. Coppelia Kahns interpretation of Viola is similar to mine. He says that Viola copes with the supposed loss of her twin brother by, in effect, becoming him; when she disguises herself as a man, she is another Sebastian, her twins twin (Kahn 42). I find Orsinos expression of love to Viola interesting. He knows that Viola loves him because as Cesario she has declared her love to him numerous times Yet Orsino says to Viola, Boy, tho u hast said to me a thousand times thou never shouldst love woman like to me (Twelfth Night 5.1. 265-266). Viola re-confirms her love for him again and Orsino decides to shift his feelings of love from Olivia to Viola. Although Orsino now knows Violas secret of being a woman, he still refers to her as Cesario, her male name, which can be seen in the last line of the play. Cesario, come;For so you shall be while you are a man;But when in other habits you are seen,Orsinos mistress, and his fancys queen. (Twelfth Night 5.1. 384-387)This still adds some question of Orsinos sexuality. The fact that he claimed Viola as his mistress indicates a physical attraction to her, which leads me to believe that he was also attracted to her when he thought she was a man. Now he can openly express his interest and love for Viola because she is a woman and he no longer needs to suppress his true feelings. BibliographyWorks CitedGreif, Karen, Modern Critical Interpretations. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York, New Haven, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publisher, 1987Kahn, Coppelia, Choosing the Right Mate in Twelfth Night, Modern Critical Interpretations. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York, New Haven, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publisher, 1987Williams, Porter JR Twentieth Century Interpretations of the Twelfth Night. Ed. Walter N King. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968Shakespeare, William. The Twelfth Night Ed. J.M. Lothian and T.W. Craik. London: Methuen CO. LTD, 1975